
Guide to the Slavery Collection
1709-1899
MS 569
New-York Historical Society
170 Central Park West
New York, NY 10024
Phone: (212) 873-3400
© 2011 New-York Historical Society
Collection processed by Megan Hahn. Machine-readable finding aid created by Melissa Haley, March 2002, and Alex Poole, August 2009. Entered in Archivists' Toolkit by Jefferson Bailey, October 2010.
This finding aid was produced using the Archivists' Toolkit
on November 14, 2013
Description is in English
using Describing Archives: A Content Standard
Descriptive Summary
Title: | Slavery Collection |
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Dates: | 1709-1899 |
Abstract: | The Slavery Collection contains correspondence and legal and financial documents related to the North American slave trade, slave ownership, abolition, and political issues pertinent to slavery. Note that the Slavery Collection materials have been digitized and can be found here. |
Quantity: | 2.75 Linear feet (7 boxes) |
Call Phrase: | MS 569 |
Scope and Contents note
The Slavery Collection contains correspondence and legal and financial documents related to the North American slave trade, slave ownership, abolition, and political issues pertinent to slavery. These materials have all been digitized and can be viewed here.
The Slavery Collection is called an "artificial" collection because a third party placed unrelated items together according to subject matter.
Researchers who have used this collection in the past, or those following citations in published sources, should be aware that it was rearranged in 1999 in order to facilitate intellectual and physical access. Certain material that formerly was not arranged, or was arranged chronologically, is now arranged by format. For example, depositions are now grouped together, rather than being interfiled with accounts, receipts or deeds of manumission.
Arrangement note
See series descriptions for arrangement.
This collection is organized into the following eleven series:
- Series I - Samuel and William Vernon, 1756-1799
- Series II - Gardner and Dean, 1771-1807
- Series III - Material relating to slavery in Kentucky, 1785-1864
- Series IV - E. H. Stokes, 1859-1862 and undated
- Series V - Correspondence, 1766-1895
- Series VI - Manifests, 1812-1855
- Series VII - Legal Documents, 1709-1858 and undated
- Series VIII - Financial Documents, 1726-1862 and undated
- Series IX - Poetry, 1823 and undated
- Series X - Memoranda, 1790, 1791, 1799, 1800, 1855 and undated
- Series XI - Clippings, 1718-1899 and undated
Access Points
Subject Names
- Bolton, Charles, of Barbados
- Brown, Samuel, of Boston
- Duncan, John, Ship Captain
- Godfrey, Caleb
- Grimke, Angelina Emily, 1805-1879
- Hopewell, Hugh
- Johnson, Samuel, Ship Captain
- Moran, Richard
- Rogers, Thomas, Ship Captain
- Rux, A. J.
- Smith, Gerrit, 1797-1874
- Stokes, E.H.
- Taggart, Samuel C.
- Taylor, William, Ship Captain
- Thornton, John, of Fredericksburg, Va.
- Vernon, Samuel
- Vernon, William, 1719-1806
- Weld, Theodore Dwight, 1803-1895
- White, Thomas, Merchant
- Wood, Joseph, Merchant
- Yates, Charles, 1727-1809
Document Type
- Accounts
- Birth certificates
- Clippings (information artifacts)
- Correspondence
- Deeds
- Estate inventories
- Indentures
- Receipts
- Ships' manifests
Subject Organizations
- Active. (Schooner)
- Adams and Griffith.
- Ascension. (Ship)
- Casada Gardin.
- Gardner and Dean.
- Hare. (Sloop)
- Little Sally. (Schooner)
- Louisa. (Sloop)
- Marigold. (Brig)
- Orange. (Ship)
- Othello. (Ship)
- Pacific. (Ship)
- Royall Charlotte. (Brig)
- TittBitt. (Sloop)
- Venus. (Ship)
Subject Topics
- Antislavery movements--United States
- Fugitive slaves--United States
- Slave bills of sale--United States
- Slave records--United States
- Slave traders--Rhode Island
- Slave traders--United States
- Slave-trade--Rhode Island
- Slave-trade--United States
- Slave-trade--West Indies
- Slaveholders--United States
- Slavery--United States
Administrative Information
Conditions Governing Access note
Open to qualified researchers.
Photocopying undertaken by staff only. Limited to twenty exposures of stable, unbound material per day. (Researchers may not accrue unused copy amounts from previous days.)
Conditions Governing Use note
Permission to quote from this collection in a publication must be requested and granted
in writing. Send permission requests, citing the name of the collection from which
you wish to quote, to
Library Director
The New-York Historical Society
170 Central Park West
New York, NY 10024
Preferred Citation note
This collection should be cited as the Slavery Collection, MS 569, The New-York Historical Society.
Separated Materials note
Items found in the collection that clearly did not relate to the subject of slavery, either directly or indirectly, were separated from the collection and placed where more appropriate. Every effort has been made to correct all the catalogue cards that index items that have been transferred to new locations.
Container List
Series I - Samuel and William Vernon, 1756-1799, 1756-1799
Scope and Contents noteBrothers Samuel and William Vernon were business partners involved in the triangular trade that sent rum from Rhode Island to Africa, bought slaves in Africa to sell in the West Indies or in the southern colonies, and brought molasses back to Rhode Island. See the Dictionary of American Biography entry on William Vernon for further information about his role in American politics and other business interests. |
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Subseries 1 - Correspondence, 1756-1796, 1756-1796
Scope and Contents noteMost of the letters in this series are addressed to the Vernons in Newport, Rhode Island, from the masters of their slave ships and from slave dealers in the West Indies, Virginia, South Carolina and Massachusetts. Some frequent correspondents were the firm of Adams and Griffin in Richmond, Va., Charles Bolton of Barbados, Samuel Brown of Boston, John Thornton and Charles Yates of Fredericksburg, Va., Capt. Caleb Godfrey, Capt. John Duncan, Capt. Thomas Rogers, and Capt. William Taylor. The letters of these and other men to the Vernons report shipboard incidents, progress of sales in the South and plans for return of ships to Newport. The series also contains letters from the Vernons to their business partners or the masters of their ships and frequently include instructions for the sale of slaves or cargo. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
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Box: 1 | Folder : 1 | Letters received A #1-12, 14-39, 47 |
1756-1772 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 2 | Letters received B #6-7, 10, 13-25, 28 and 1 unnumbered item |
1755-1795 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 3 | Letters received C #5, 7, 19 and 1 unnumbered item |
1752-1798 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 4 | Letters received D #9-10, 14-36 |
1754-1771 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 5 | Letters received E #1-2 |
1771-1772 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 6 | Letters received G #1, 3-15 |
1754-1756 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 7 | Letters received H #5, 20 |
1769, 1774 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 8 | Letters received K #11-12 |
1774, 1775 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 9 | Letters received M #12-16 |
1754-1755 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 10 | Letters received N-O-P #1, 12-16 |
1751-1796 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 11 | Letters received R #3-5, 7-13, 16, 22-23 and 2 unnumbered items |
1764-1775 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 12 | Letters received S #26, 44, 56-57 and 1 unnumbered item |
1758-1799 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 13 | Letters received T #5-14, 16-26, 31 |
1756-1774 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 14 | Letters sent and received V #34-50 and 14 unnumbered items |
1755-1793 | |
Box: 1 | Folder : 15 | Letters received W, Y #19-20, 24, 28-30 |
1756-1773 | |
Subseries 2 - Business Papers, 1756-1799, 1756-1799
Scope and Contents noteArranged alphabetically by name of ship, then by format for those not attributed to a particular ship. This subseries contains crew lists, accounts of sales and purchases of slaves, invoices, bills of lading, records of wages to ship crews, ship expenses, accounts of sales of goods in Africa, cargo manifests and trade books of the Vernons' slave ships. The voyages of the Othello are the most well-documented in the collection; papers relating to this ship include accounts, receipts, memoranda, copies of correspondence, trade books and account books. A 45-page trade book of Othello, 1764-5 is housed in Box 7, an oversize box. In folder 11, "Depositions and Memoranda re: Vernon vs. Rogers," are papers dated 1766 regarding the Vernons' legal action against Thomas Rogers, captain of the Othello, for disobeying their orders to sail directly to Georgia or South Carolina after leaving Barbados. Instead Rogers sailed to St. Christopher's where there was an insurrection, which resulted in the death of 11 slaves. The Vernons sought redress regarding the loss of revenue from unsold slaves. The ship Royall Charlotte is represented by accounts, receipts, memoranda and a 16-page trade book. In addition to an account, there is one deposition, dated April 4, 1799, related to the ship Orange, which refers to damage to the ship when it hit a reef off the coast of the Bahamas during a return voyage. There are accounts and an 86-page trade book of the ship Venus housed in this subseries. This subseries also includes accounts for the ships Adventures, Ascension, Casada Gardin, Hare, Little Sally, Lydia, Marigold, Nancy, Pacific, and TittBitt. A 24-page trade book of an unidentified vessel and a 20-page fragment of an account book for an unidentified vessel were placed in this series because they were originally kept with the other volumes specifically attributed to the ships of the Vernons and the format and handwriting match the others. Folder 20 houses fragments of letters and accounts, and a clipping of a three-page article entitled, Account of a late Publication intitled 'The Origin of the Negroe Slave Trade,' By Matthias Christian Sprengel. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 1 | Schooner
Active Trading Book, Sloop
Adventures accounts |
1769-1770 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 2 | Ship
Ascension accounts |
1796-1800 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 3 | Ship
Casada Gardin accounts |
1759-1760 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 4 | Sloop
Hare accounts |
1754-1756, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 5 | Schooner
Little Sally accounts, Sloop
Lydia accounts |
1763- 1765, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 6 | Brigantine
Marigold accounts, Sloop
Nancy accounts |
1759-1764, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 7 | Brigantine
Orange account and deposition |
1799 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 8 | Brigantine
Othello Papers (1 of 2) accounts, receipts, memoranda, letters |
1763-1775, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 9 | Brigantine
Othello Papers (2 of 2) |
1765-1775, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 10 | Brigantine
Othello Volumes |
1769-1774, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 11 | Papers re:
Vernon vs. Rogers |
1766, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 12 | Ship
Pacific |
1789 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 13 | Brigantine
Royall Charlotte accounts, receipts, memoranda and book of trade |
1761-1775, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 14 | Sloop
TittBitt |
1756, 1757 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 15 | Snow Venus, Trade Book |
1756-1757 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 16 | Trade book of vessel (unidentified) |
1774-1775 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 17 | Account Book Fragment (unidentified) |
1767 | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 18 | Accounts |
1754-1799, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 19 | Bills and Receipts |
1754-1787, undated | |
Box: 2 | Folder : 20 | Clippings and fragments |
1755, 1784, undated | |
Box: 7 | Brigantine
Othello trade book |
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Series II - Gardner and Dean, 1771-1807, 1771-1807
Scope and Contents noteThis series contains correspondence and business papers of the Rhode Island slave trading firm of Gardner and Dean. |
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Subseries 1 - Correspondence, 1804-1807, 1804-1807
Scope and Contents noteArranged alphabetically by last name of sender. This subseries consists of letters to Gardner and Dean, mostly from the firm of Phillips and Gardner, their South Carolina counterpart, and from Samuel C. Taggart, Thomas White and Joseph Wood. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 3 | Folder : 1 | Correspondence P#18; T#1, 2; W#14, 15, 26 |
1804-1807 | |
Subseries 2 - Business papers, 1771, 1805-1807 and undated, 1771, 1805-1807 and undated
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. Accounts of the Sloop Louisa dated 1771, and 1805 to 1806, and accounts and receipts not attributable to particular ships dated from 1805 to 1807 make up this series. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 3 | Folder : 2 | Sloop
Louisa papers |
1771, 1805-1807, undated | |
Box: 3 | Folder : 3 | Accounts and receipts |
1805-1806, undated | |
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Series III - Material collected related to slavery in Kentucky, 1785-1864, 1785-1864
Scope and Contents noteThese estate inventories, deeds of gift, deeds of manumission, bills and receipts of sale, ranging in date from 1785 to 1864, are all from Kentucky, and most are from Lincoln or Fayette Counties. These items were arranged chronologically because one piece often served two different, if related, functions. See attached calendar for further information. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 4 | Folder : 1 | Kentucky material |
1785-1799 | |
Box: 4 | Folder : 2 | Kentucky material |
1800-1809 | |
Box: 4 | Folder : 3 | Kentucky material |
1811-1819 | |
Box: 4 | Folder : 4 | Kentucky material |
1820-1829 | |
Box: 4 | Folder : 5 | Kentucky material |
1830-1838 | |
Box: 4 | Folder : 6 | Kentucky material |
1841-1850 | |
Box: 4 | Folder : 7 | Kentucky material |
1851-1864 | |
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Series IV - E.H. Stokes, 1859-1862 and undated, 1859-1862
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Subseries 1 - Letters received, 1859-1862, 1859-1862
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. Letters to Stokes in Richmond, Virginia, concern the sale of slaves, including ten from A. J. Rux, apparently serving as Stokes' agent in various locations in Alabama. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 5 | Folder : A | E.H. Stokes, letters received |
1859-1862 | |
Subseries 2 - Receipts, 1860, 1862, and undated, 1860, 1862, and undated
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. Receipts for sales of slaves in Richmond, Virginia. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 5 | Folder : B | E.H. Stokes, receipts |
1860, 1862, undated | |
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Series V - Correspondence, 1766-1895, 1766-1895
Scope and Contents noteArranged alphabetically by last name of sender. Note to researchers: A number of items originally housed in this collection were transferred to more appropriate places (for example, much was organized into the Vernon Correspondence series). Therefore, the letter and number combination item identification will not always be consecutive (e.g., C#3 is followed by C#17). The correspondence series includes letters from, among others, eminent abolitionists such as Theodore Weld, Gerrit Smith and Angelina Grimke. Items A#44-46 are letters to the printers of the Lewes Journal and The Diary regarding the abolition of the slave trade and are signed "Atticus." Items F#14 and H#14 both refer to the same court case concerning Jack, a slave sentenced to death for stealing from his master. Both the master, Hugh Hopewell of Saint Mary's County, Maryland, and his friend Colonel Fitzhugh wrote to the Governor of Maryland asking for mercy for Jack, stating that because of his value as a slave and his sincere remorse for the crime, he should not be put to death. Also of note is a letter written by an unidentified black man apologizing to his uncle for marrying a white woman, which can be found in the "Letters Unsigned" folder. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 1 | Correspondence A #44-46 |
1789, 1796 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 2 | Correspondence B #9, 11-12, 1 unnumbered item |
1766, 1774, 1816, 1843 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 3 | Correspondence C #2-3, 17, and 2 unnumbered items |
1789, 1803, 1840, 1864 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 4 | Correspondence D #1-4, 12 |
1793, 1800, 1806, 1851 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 5 | Correspondence F #11-12, 14, 17 and 1 unnumbered item |
1766, 1784, 1807, 1826, 1850 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 6 | Correspondence G #2, 22-23 |
1789, undated | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 7 | Correspondence H-J #11, 14, and 3 unnumbered items |
1766, 1806, 1810, 1831, 1888, 1895 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 8 | Correspondence K #5, and 1 unnumbered item |
1784, 1837 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 9 | Correspondence L-M #7, 9, 28 and 2 unnumbered items |
1793, 1836, 1841, 1849, 1850, 1857 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 10 | Correspondence N #9, 17 |
1787, 1826 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 11 | Correspondence R #1, 17-18 |
1754, 1786 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 12 | Correspondence S #24, 31-42, 45 and 1 unnumbered item |
1785-1861 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 13 | Correspondence T-V #3-4, 27, 32-33 |
[1787], 1806, 1834, 1837 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 14 | Correspondence W #5-7, 9-11, 18, 25 and 1 unnumbered item |
1806-1858 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 15 | Letters unsigned |
1826-1851, undated | |
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Series VI - Manifests, 1812-1855, 1812-1855
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. These manifests list Negroes, Mulattos, and persons of color taken aboard various vessels to be transported, mostly from Alexandria, Va., to be sold or disposed of as slaves. These documents list the slave's name, sex, age, height, color, owner or shipper's name and place of residence, and the consignee's name and place of residence. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 16 | Manifests |
1838-1849 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 17 | Manifests |
1812-1855 | |
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Series VII - Legal Documents, 1709-1858, and undated, 1709-1858, and undated
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Subseries 1 - Birth Certificates, 1800-1818, 1800-1818
Scope and Contents noteArranged alphabetically by last name of the slave-holder. Certificates usually include information such as the slave-holders occupation, the mother's name, and the date of birth and sex of the child. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 18 | Birth certificates, A-D |
1801-1818 | |
Box: 5 | Folder : 19 | Birth certificates, F-M |
1800-1818 | |
Box: 5 | Box : 20 | Birth certificates, N-Z |
1802-1817 | |
Subseries 2 - Depositions, 1746-1839, 1746-1839
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. Assorted depositions relating to slave ownership and trade from New York, Delaware, South Carolina, Virginia, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland. One item in French from Martinique regarding a vessel from Rhode Island captained by Samuel Johnson. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 1 | Depositions |
1746-1839 | |
Subseries 3 - Petitions, 1709/1780, 1777, and undated, 1709-1777, undated
Scope and Contents noteAssorted petitions from South Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Georgia and Massachusetts. The deposition from Massachusetts is actually two petitions, one on either side of the paper. The earlier is dated January 1709, from the court of general sessions in Boston, Mass., and the petitioner is Jack, a negro, servant to Samuel Bill. Jack testifies that he has a marriage agreement with Esther, a servant of Robert Gutteridge, however, Gutteridge refuses to give his consent to the marriage. The second petition is from the Council and house of representatives in General Court in Boston assembled March 1780. Mercy Turner of Pembrook seeks to divorce her husband Philip Turner of Scituate whose "conduct and behavior is utterly inconsistent with the marriage covenant." |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 2 | Petitions |
1709-1777, undated | |
Subseries 4 - Indentures, 1749, 1797, 1797, undated
Scope and Contents noteThe earlier indenture is from New York and states that Walter Butler, Jr. of the Mohawks agrees to "keep and maintain... a N[egro] boy called Primus for three years." The later is a partially printed form dated 1797, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania declaring that Negro Joseph, a manumitted slave, indentures himself for 14 years to John Delaval. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 3 | Indentures |
1797, undated | |
Subseries 5 - Deeds of manumission, 1782-1792, 1812, 1782-1792, 1812
Scope and Contents noteThree of the five items in this series are deeds of manumission signed by Robert Carter of Nomony Hall in Westmoreland County, Virginia, dated January 2, 1792. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 4 | Deeds of manumission |
1782-1792, 1812 | |
Subseries 6 - Estate inventories/property appraisals, 1759-1858, and undated, 1759-1858, and undated
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. Assorted estate inventories and property appraisals that make provisions for slaves from Alabama, New York and other places not named. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 5 | Estate inventories/ property appraisals |
1759-1858, undated | |
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Series VIII - Financial Documents, 1726-1862, and undated, 1726-1862, and undated
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Subseries 1 - Accounts, 1736-1807, undated, 1736-1807, undated
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. This subseries contains assorted accounts relating to slave ownership and trade from Georgia, Maryland, Rhode Island, Havana and places not named. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 6 | Accounts |
1736-1807, undated | |
Subseries 2 - Receipts and exchanges, 1726-1862, 1726-1862
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. Includes assorted receipts and exchanges for slaves from Pennsylvania, New York, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 7 | Receipts and exchanges |
1726-1862 | |
Subseries 3 - John Joyce, Receipts, 1785-1790, 1785-1790
Scope and Contents noteArranged chronologically. Contains receipts for sale of slaves in Kingston, Jamaica, including two in Spanish. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 8 | Receipts of John Joyce |
1785-1790 | |
Subseries 4 - "Returns of taxable property," 1814, 1819, 1814, 1819
Scope and Contents noteThis subseries houses two printed forms, one completed with information for all the taxable property in St. Paul's Parish, [Charleston, S. C.] 1814, and one for the taxable property of John Cart, Jr. St. Michael's Parish, Charleston District [Charleston, S. C.], 1819. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 9 | Returns of taxable property |
1814, 1819 | |
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Series IX - Poetry, 1823 and undated, 1823 and undated
Scope and Contents noteOne poem is entitled, "On the death of an African slave," signed Elihu, Dec. 11, 1823 and is addressed to Alden Spooner, Brooklyn, headed, "For the Long Island Star." The first lines read: "Well, old Free-born is dead! and his servitude oe'r/ Let the winds bear his corpse to the African shoreâ?¦" The other poem, addressed to the Rev. W. McLain, is untitled, unsigned and undated. The last stanza reads: "'Tho' the African, sir, may seem very fur/ to some 'cause he's sable --I thinks/ in the great chain of brothers, he's near, and dear sir!!/ should be treated as one of the lynx." |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 10 | Poetry |
1823, undated | |
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Series X - Memoranda, 1790-1855, and undated, 1790-1855, and undated
Scope and Contents noteThis series includes, among other things, what appear to be notes for newspaper advertisements and articles. Items are from Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Rhode Island and New York. Also one document in French, dated Philadelphia, September 5, 1791 listing the population of the states and the number of slaves in each state. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 11 | Memoranda |
1790-1855, undated | |
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Series XI - Clippings, 1718-1899 and undated, 1718-1899 and undated
Scope and Contents noteThis series includes assorted advertisements for rewards for return of runaway slaves, most unattributable to particular newspapers. |
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Container 1 | Container 2 | Title | Date | |
Box: 6 | Folder : 12 | Clippings |
1718-1899, Undated | |
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